Micro processor

Micro processor History

Microprocessor - also known as a CPU or central processing unit - is a complete computation engine is fabricated on a single chip. The first micro-processor is the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. Type 4004 is not so powerful. Can only add and subtract, and he can only do so 4bit at the same time. But amazing. Because there are all on one chip. Before 4004, the engineers make computers from a collection of chips or from discrete components (transistors are connected together). And 4004 is
the brain one of the first portable electronic calculators.
Micro processor first used in the home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first micro-processor in the market's attention was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and integrated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around the year 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you certainly know that the PC market moved from 8088 to 80 286 to 80 386 to 80 486 to the Pentium to Pentium II to the Pentium III to Pentium 4. All of these micro-processors made by Intel and it's all an improvement on the basic design of 8088. The Pentium 4 can run any code that is run on 8088, but he did it 5000 times faster!


Is the chip?

Chip is also called the integrated circuit (IC). In general, small and thin part of the silicon transistors in place of micro-processor embedded compilers. Amounting to one-inch chip can and can contain ten million transistors. Simpler processor may consist of thousands of transistors in the chip implanted in only a few millimeters square.


Clock Speed, MIPS, and the number of transistors
Generally there is a relationship between clock speed and MIPS. The maximum clock speed is a function of the manufacturing process and delay in the chip. In addition, there was a relationship between the number of transistors and MIPS. For example, 8088 with a clock of 5 MHz is only executed at 0.33 MIPS (about one instruction per 15 clock cycles). Modern processor can run two instructions per clock cycle. This increase is directly related to the number of transistors on
chip.


Sections within Micro processor

To find out how the micro processor, it will be easier if we look inside and learn the logic that is used. We will also see about assembly language - the native language of micro-processor - and many other things that can be done by engineers to improve the speed of the processor.
Micro-processor machine running a set of instructions that tells the processor what to do. Based on these instructions, micro-processor does three basic things: 1) Using the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Modern micro-processor which contains floating point units can perform very complex operations on large numbers. 2) Moving data from one memory location to another location. 3) Take a decision and jump to another instruction according to the decision.


RAM and ROM

We have already mentioned the address and data bus, plus the RD and WR line. Both the bus and the line is connected to RAM or ROM - usually both. In the example micro-processors, we have but eight-bit address and data bus, also 8-bits. This means that the micro processor can address on (28) 256 bytes of memory, and he can read or write 8 bits of memory at a time. Now as an example, the micro processor has 128 bytes of ROM starting from 0 and 128 bytes of RAM starting from 128.
ROM stands for read-only memory. ROM chip programmed with a permanent collection of bytes. Address bus tells the ROM chip which byte is taken and entered on the data bus. At the time of RD status line change, chip ROM provides the selected byte to the data bus.
RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and micro-processor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR signal line. One of the problems with the RAM chips is that they forget everything once power is turned off. This is why the computer needs ROM.
Almost all computers have a number of ROM (it is possible to make a simple computer that has no RAM - many microcontrollers replace it with RAM on chip processor itself - but generally not possible to make computers that do not have ROM).
At the micro-processor running time, he began running the instructions found in the BIOS. BIOS instructions do things like-test the hardware in the machine, and then to the hard drive to take the boot sector. The boot sector is another small program and stores it in RAM after the BIOS to read from disk. Micro processor instructions and then run the boot sector of the RAM. Boot sector program will tell the micro-processor in order to take other things from the hard disk to be inserted into the RAM, which then runs the micro processor and so on. This is the way micro-processor load and run the whole operating system.


Micro processor instructions

Even simple microprocessor also has a lot of instructions that can be done. Collection of this instruction is present in the form of bit pattern, where each has a different meaning when loaded into the instruction register. Humans are not good at remembering bit patterns, so a set of words created to represent the bit pattern. Collection of words is called assembly language. An assembler to translate these words into a pattern, and then inserted into the assembler output of memory to run a micro processor.


Micro Processor Performance

The number of transistors that have owned a very large impact on processor performance. As we saw earlier, the instructions used in the 8088 processor requires 15 clock cycles. Because the multiplier design, it takes about 80 clock cycles to perform 16-bit multiplication in 8088. With more transistors, can be obtained more powerful multiplier to do this in one clock cycle.
More and more transistors also allow pipelining technology. In pipeline architecture, instruction execution at the same time. So although it takes five clock cycles to execute the instruction, there are five instructions that can run together.
Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with its own pipeline. This allows multiple streams of data, which means that more than one instruction in one clock cycle. This technique is quite complex to do, so it requires a lot of transistors.


Trend Micro Processor

Microprocessor design trends over the years is a full 32-bit ALU with floating point unit that quickly and pipeline with the instruction flow. The most recent in processor design is 64-bit ALU and people hoping to use this processor on their home PCs in the next ten years. Also there is a tendency to special instructions (such as MMX), which makes certain operations more efficiently, and adding support for virtual memory and L1 cache on the processor chip. All these trends increase the transistor that led to the multi-million transistors. This processor can execute one billion instructions per second!


MINIMUM SYSTEM MICRO PROCESSOR

There are many things that are very complex which can be performed by a micro processor. In the picture you can see an example block diagram of a system of micro processor minimum.
• Address bus: the bus was microprocessor (μP) issued the address of a memory location of the I / O to store or read data.
• Data bus: the bus is microprocessor can send the contents of registers to memory or I / O, and receive data from memory or I / O.
• Control bus: the bus was microprocessor issuing control signals - memory read / outs, I / O read / write, interrupt acknowledge - to activate the device (memory or I / O) so that the output from these devices are connected to the data bus. On this bus microprocessor also receive other control signals from the device, interrupt, reset.


64-BIT PROCESSOR

64-bit processors already exist between us since 1992, and in the 21st century they are becoming increasingly popular. Intel and AMD have introduced 64-bit chip, and Mac G5 is a 64-bit processor. 64-bit processor has 64-bit ALU, 64-bit registers, 64-bit bus, and so on.
Which is the reason why we need 64-bit processor is that they are addressing a large space. 32-bit Microprocessor have access to a maximum of 2 GB of RAM, or 4 GB. Sounds like maybe a lot, let alone most home computers usually only uses 256 MB of RAM to 512 MB. However, the limit of 4 GB can be a severe problem for server machines and machines running large databases. Even home computers in the shortest possible time will collide with a limit of 2 GB or 4 GB if the trend continues. 64-bit chip does not have this limitation because 64-bit address space is essentially infinite for the next few years - RAM 264 bytes is equal to approximately 18.4 billion GB of RAM!
With 64-bit address bus and data bus speeds and wide on the motherboard, 64-bit machines also offer the speed I / O (input / output) is higher for hard disks and graphics cards. This feature can significantly improve system performance.
Server certainly can benefit from 64-bit chip, but what about ordinary users? In addition to RAM solution, it is unclear whether 64-bit chip offers obvious advantages for "casual users" for now. 64-bit chip can process data quickly. Those who do video editing and image editing very large images can benefit from this much computing power. Top-class games can also get benefits, after their re-encoded to exploit 64-bit features. But average users who read e-mail, Web browsing and editing Word documents do not really use that much processor. In addition, the operating system like Windows XP has not been upgraded to handle 64-bit CPU. Because of the lack of benefits that can be felt, perhaps in 2010 or so new we could see 64-bit machines on every desktop.